The hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) has been
using instrumented systems for as long as there has been
chemical processing. Reliance on instrumentation has
increased at an incredible pace; however, the resources
allocated to properly specify, implement and document these
systems have declined. This has led to significant
deficiencies in instrumented system design. In response to
this shortfall, instrumentation societies have created
industrial standards regarding safe automation to bridge this
gap.
Process safety management (PSM) regulations were
released a decade ago in answer to increased
safety-instrumente
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