Heat gain from ambient or heat loss to atmosphere is discussed in standards and technical publications.1, 2 However, the work on fluid/ambient thermal interactions rarely includes an important factor&..
Heat gain from ambient or heat loss to atmosphere is discussed in standards and technical publications.1, 2 However, the work on fluid/ambient thermal interactions rarely includes an important factor—solar radiation. Heat transfer analysis without considerations for solar radiation makes conventional methods complete only for those systems under shade or at night. Unfortunately, most systems and tanks are exposed to solar radiation.
Solar flux and thermal capacitance effects
Another shortcoming of conventional methods is the neglect of thermal capacitance for tank metal walls and contents. Tank systems follow seasonal variations of ambient temperature and solar radiation with time l
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