There is no doubt that the purpose of refining crude oils into natural raw materials is crucial to produce a vast array of fuels and products used in our daily lives.
There is no doubt that the purpose of refining crude oils into natural raw materials is crucial to produce a vast array of fuels and products used in our daily lives. However, impurities can often enter the refinement process and reduce the quality grades of crude oil extracts, intermediates and final products. Typical impurities, such as metals (e.g., vanadium, mercury or lead), are known as catalyst poisons. These can severely impact the performance and value of the final product and have detrimental effects on the petroleum refining processes. These metallic impurities can affect products even at very low levels and have the potential to cause interruptions in the production cycle by caus
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