With major projects (FIG. 1), alternatives are generally considered in overall project execution and in construction.
All main US products performed positively as refinery product outputs declined considerably and led to a fall in inventory levels, fueling bullish sentiment.
Refineries and petrochemical plants form some of the major sections of the hydrocarbon industry and consume much of the fuel that is burned in furnaces (heaters and specialty furnaces, such as reformers and crackers) to meet process heating requirements.
Catalytic reforming has been a staple in petroleum refining since 1949.
Ahn, E. S.,
Park, S. I.,
Song, I. C.,
Kim, G. B.,
Chang, G. S., GS Engineering and Construction
Most hydroprocessing reactors are fixed-bed reactors comprising several catalyst beds that are divided by quench zones containing mixing chambers that introduce a vapor-quenching medium.
Ceary, P. J.,
Geronimo, G. Di,
Markham, N.,
Groenendijk, S.,
Moreno, Y., Fluor
The blowdown (BD) system in delayed coking units (DCUs) receives waste streams generated during the coke drum (CD) decoking process to recover valuable hydrocarbons and water. In recent DCU designs, the CD pressure relief valves (PRVs) also discharge to this system and then to the flare system via the BD PRVs.
Genç, M.,
Gul, A.,
Avcilar, S.,
Öztürk, B.,
Önen, M. F.,
Akkuş, E., TÜPRAŞ
The fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) is one of the main units providing gasoline with high-octane numbers to the refinery gasoline pool.
With an increase in concern for the environment, countries around the world are implementing stringent environmental regulations and are continuously pressuring refiners to reduce the amount of sulfur in transportation fuels—primarily gasoline and diesel—to combat airborne pollution caused by vehicles.
Engineers tasked with finding a green solution to waste gas emissions from hydrocarbon storage tanks during loading and unloading operations will find that the ST100 series thermal flowmeter from Fluid Components International (FCI) supports tank vapor recovery systems, which help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In the US, soaring gasoline stocks and poor fuel oil performance were offset by strong heating oil demand and higher product prices caused by weather-related refinery outages.