Numerous plants around the world operate with hazardous oil and gas, petrochemicals and refining fluids that have surpassed their design life.
Approximately 700 refineries are in operation worldwide, producing a range of petroleum products including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, liquified petroleum gas (LPG) and fuel oils.
High-quality crudes are not always readily available, or at a price that is acceptable to the producer’s budget.
Process control methods have been applied to batch distillation of crude oil and intermediate oils performed in the Chevron DPST labs in Richmond, California.
Plate-and-frame (P&F) heat exchangers were first manufactured 100 yr ago for use in the dairy industry.
Safety requirements within nuclear power plants (NPPs) have encouraged the development of several rigorous methodologies that, in turn, have stimulated excellence in operability, availability, reliability and maintenance to the extent that numerous guides and standards now regulate that industry.
The main options for the cooling water systems of gas, petroleum and petrochemical plants located on coastlines are studied here, and alternatives are compared with the consideration of several technical and economic parameters.
According to API Recommended Practice (RP) 521, 4.4.13.1, “Fire exposure on equipment can result in overpressure due to vapor generation and/or fluid expansion.
Pumping of low-temperature and cryogenic fluids requires specific and unique engineering technologies for the shaft sealing system.
Most refineries have some sort of mass balance and loss control program in place for accounting, planning and scheduling, as well as for financial and operational evaluation purposes.