Most of us are aware of the disastrous effects of water hammer (e.g., pipe rupture, dislocation from support, support and equipment damage, etc.). The term "water hammer" refers to shocks sounding like hammer blows produced by a rapid change of fluid flow in a closed pipeline. The common occurrence of the phenomenon is in liquid pumping systems. It is caused by flow disturbance or transients. A typical example is the sudden closure or opening of the valve in a cooling water network. Rapid valve closure causes the fluid to stop suddenly as a result of which the kinetic energy of the moving fluid is converted into pressure energy. This produces pressure surges causing a series of s
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