Users of large liquid hydrocarbon storage tanks at refineries and terminals must solve a variety of problems and make trade-offs related to vapor emissions and general structural integrity for these massive containers.

The cost-effective revamp experiences of carbon dioxide (CO₂) removal systems in three different ammonia plants, and the resulting attractive payback of just a few months are detailed here.

Typically, opportunity crudes require more rigorous desalting to yield high-quality products due to high levels of naphthenic acids, basic sediment and water (BS&W) and filterable solids, among others.

In the past few decades, new technologies, including both carbon rejection methods and catalytic conversion methods, have emerged.

Due to the growing popularity of family automobiles in China, the country’s domestic oil market is experiencing a rise in gasoline consumption and a reduction in diesel consumption in recent years.